This article lists protocols, categorized by the nearest layer in the Open Systems Interconnection model. This list is not exclusive to only the OSI protocol family.

Sep 19, 2025 · Typically, a combination of hardware and software programming makes up the physical layer. It consists of several protocols that control data transmissions on a network.

Jun 27, 2024 · Examples of hardware in the physical layer are network adapters, ethernet, repeaters, networking hubs, etc. Data link layer corrects errors which can occur at the physical …

Oct 24, 2023 · The answer lies in the intricate world of “Physical Layer Protocols.” While these may not be the buzzwords that grab headlines, they are the unsung heroes of data …

Encoding and Signaling: The physical layer is responsible for various encoding and signaling functions that transform the data from bits that reside within a computer or other device into …

Nov 11, 2025 · The OSI model sorts computer networking communication protocols across seven layers, the first being the physical layer. The physical layer consists of components like fiber …

This article delves into what is the Physical Layer in the OSI model, its functions, protocols, advantages, and disadvantages, along with practical insights into its working.

Mar 7, 2023 · OSI is a reference model used to show how applications communicate over a network. The model focuses on providing a visual design of how each communications layer is …

In the seven-layer OSI model of computer networking, the physical layer or layer 1 is the first and lowest layer. The implementation of this layer is often termed PHY. The physical layer consists …

Dec 9, 2025 · Explore the differences between RS-232, RS-485 and Ethernet physical layers, their history, speed, range and how they shape industrial communication protocols.