Discover why investors prefer the geometric mean for assessing portfolio performance due to its compounding effect, and learn how it differs from the arithmetic mean.

Let 𝐺 = (𝑉,𝐸), 𝑉={1,2,...,𝑛}, be a simple connected graph of order𝑛, size 𝑚 with vertex degree sequence 𝑑1 ≥ 𝑑2 ≥ ... ≥ 𝑑𝑛 > 0, 𝑑𝑖 = 𝑑(𝜐𝑖). The geometric–arithmetic topological index ...